ABSTRACT
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is the initiator of RNA interference and inhibits gene expression by targeted degradation of specific messenger RNA. siRNA-mediated gene regulation has high efficiency and specificity and exhibits great significance in the treatment of diseases. However, the naked or unmodified siRNA has poor stability, easy to degrade by nuclease, short half-life, and low intracellular delivery. As an emerging non-viral nucleic acid delivery system, ionizable lipid nanoparticles play an important role in improving the druggability of siRNA. At present, one siRNA drug based on ionizable lipid nanoparticles has been approved for the treatment of rare disease. This review introduces the research progress in ionizable lipid nanoparticles for siRNA delivery, focusing on the effect of each component of lipid nanoparticles on the efficiency of siRNA-mediated gene silencing, which provides new references for the studies on ionizable lipid nanocarriers for siRNA delivery.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To evaluate the bonding ability of one representative self-etch adhesive system by applying the micro-shear bond strength test method with different concentrations of carbodiimide [1-ethyl3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide,EDC] ethanol solution pretreatment.Methods:Extracted sound human third molars were collected from patients ranging 18 to 40 years.In the study,80 molars were first sectioned to prepare a flat middle coronal dentin surface and then were randomly divided into 5 groups (n =16) according to without/with different surface treatments [blank control;80％ (volume fraction) ethanol control;EDC ethanol solution of three concentrations (0.01 mol/L,0.3 mol/L and 0.5 mol/L)].Each specimen underwent a micro-shear bond strength test and failure mode observation.The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's test to analyze the difference of the micro-shear bond strength,and chi-square test/Fisher's exact test for the failure mode frequency of the micro-shear bond strength test specimens at a significance level of P =0.05.Results:The micro-shear bond strength of the three concentration EDC treatments were (35.29 ± 8.97) MPa (0.01 mol/L EDC treatment group),(40.24 ±9.68) MPa (0.3 mol/L EDC treatment group),(37.38 ±9.66) MPa (0.5 mol/L EDC treatment group) separately;and that of the 80％ ethanol group was (37.49 ± 7.76) MPa.All micro-shear bond strength value of the above four groups was statistically higher than that of the blank control group [(33.81 ± 7.98) MPa].The immediate microshear bond strength and failure mode was of no statistically significant difference among all the groups.It was noticed that the immediate micro-shear bond strength of 0.3 mol/L was higher than that of all the other groups,especially higher than that of the 80％ ethanol pretreatment group despite that there was no significant difference among all the groups.And the test of failure mode indicated that the cohesive failure was more common,while the frequency of adhesive failure was rare in each experimental group.Conclusion:EDC pretreatment had no adverse effect on the immediate micro-shear bond strengths of Clearfil SE Bond.Meanwhile,EDC treatment did not cause more adhesive failure in immediate micro-shear test,which had further denoted what was said above.However,it needs more research to illustrate the antienzymatic role of EDC in dentin bonding.
ABSTRACT
We observed the survival situation after treatments of Fasciola hepatica metacercariae by heating,drying and food seasoning.Results showed that after treating with microwave high fire and boiling water,all the metacercariae died.There were four metacercariae died after putting on the slide and dried them for 24 hours,while two died after attaching on the blade for 40 hours.The metacercariae all survived in the garlic,soy sauce,and vinegar liquid for 10,20 and 30 min;After 10,20 and 30 min soaking in the same amount of mixed liquor of the three kinds of condiments,saturated brine and the liquor of 38°,part of the metacercariae were survival.The rest of the metacercariae showed clear structures,but the bodies did not move with no obvious characteristic of death of metacercariae.Storing for 4 ℃ in the next 10 months,there was still the survival of metacercariae.In conclusion,the commonly used seasoning had no effect on metacercariae.Natural drying for 1-2 days could not completely kill the metacercariae.A low temperature for a long time could maintain vitality.Heating via boiling water for 10 sec or microwave high fire for 30 s could kill metacercariae.
ABSTRACT
We observed the survival situation after treatments of Fasciola hepatica metacercariae by heating,drying and food seasoning.Results showed that after treating with microwave high fire and boiling water,all the metacercariae died.There were four metacercariae died after putting on the slide and dried them for 24 hours,while two died after attaching on the blade for 40 hours.The metacercariae all survived in the garlic,soy sauce,and vinegar liquid for 10,20 and 30 min;After 10,20 and 30 min soaking in the same amount of mixed liquor of the three kinds of condiments,saturated brine and the liquor of 38°,part of the metacercariae were survival.The rest of the metacercariae showed clear structures,but the bodies did not move with no obvious characteristic of death of metacercariae.Storing for 4 ℃ in the next 10 months,there was still the survival of metacercariae.In conclusion,the commonly used seasoning had no effect on metacercariae.Natural drying for 1-2 days could not completely kill the metacercariae.A low temperature for a long time could maintain vitality.Heating via boiling water for 10 sec or microwave high fire for 30 s could kill metacercariae.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>PURPOSE</b>To enhance the awareness of rare complications of pelvic fracture and describe the correct diagnosis and effective treatment.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 188 cases of pelvic fractures were retrospectively reviewed, and four patients who suffered from four types of rare pelvic fracture complications were described, namely ureteral obstruction caused by retroperitoneal hematoma-induced abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), bowel entrapment, external iliac artery injury, and open scrotal sac injury.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>We demonstrated that combined measures should be employed to prevent the occurrence of ACS following major pelvic fractures. Ureteral catheter support may be a good option at an early stage when ACS occurred. Contrasted computed tomography examination and sufficient awareness are keys to a correct diagnosis of bowel entrapment following pelvic fractures. Recognition of risk factors, early diagnosis, and prompt treatment of suspected injury of the external iliac artery are keys to patient survival and to avoid limb loss. Scrotal and/or testicular injury complicated by pelvic fractures should be carefully treated to maintain normal gonad function. Additionally, establishment of a sophisticated trauma care system and multi-disciplinary coordination are important for correct diagnosis and treat- ment of rare complications in pelvic fractures.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Rare complications of pelvic fractures are difficult to diagnose and negatively impact outcome. Recognition of risk factors and sufficient awareness are essential for correct diagnosis and prompt treatment.</p>